University as a City and University as a State: Methodological Tools of William Clark

William Clark’s methodological tools applied to the study of the history and philosophy of higher education are presented in a series of articles 1996-2003 and especially in his book “Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University” (2006). The last was a result of Clark’s long and accurate work in many areas of research, most of which have yet formed as academic fields. The author sets an ambitious task to examine evolution of academic practice (mainly German) as a process of bureaucratization and capitalization of education through the prism of academic charisma. Considering it as one of the types of legitimate dominance in the scientific world, W. Clark describes a scholar not in three spatial coordinates (of which he talks in the introduction), but in four: religion, politics, economics, and state/city. The last allows Clark to mark universities that accept or reject certain methods of transferring academic charisma on the educational landscape of the city. Another issue that is a key to the search of the basics of research university, is the question of the gradual suppression of oral culture by writing. In other words, how “say and be” (the phrase invented by the authors of this review) turned into “print or disappear” (aphorism cited many times by the author of the book). This question includes a number of others, which we point out analyzing the academic space, which, in the author’s mind, is broken up, collected and rebroken up into fragments of tables, catalogues, lists, statutes, tables, graphs, reports, questionnaires, dossiers, etc. Despite the fact that the translation of William Clark’s book into Russian was carried out in 2017, the methodology proposed is undeservedly little known to the researchers of higher education and, in general, has not received fundamental review in the scientific tradition. Its main provisions will be outlined in the framework of this article.

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3. Clark, W. (1986). From the Medieval Universitas Scholarium to the German Research University: A Sociogenesis of the German Academic : Diss. Los Angeles: University of California, 640 p.

4. Clark, W. (1999). The Death of Metaphysics in Enlightened Prussia. In: Clark, W., Golinski, J., Schaffer, S. (Eds), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe. Chicago; London : University of Chicago Press, pp. 423-476. ISBN: 9780226109404

5. Clark, W. (2001). On the Ministerial Registers of Academic Visitations. In: Becker, P., Clark, W., Arbor, A. (Eds). Little Tools of Knowledge: Historical Essays on Academic and Bureaucratic Practices. MI : University of Michigan Press, pp. 95-140.

6. Clark, W. (2002). From Enlightenment to Romanticism: Lichtenberg & Göttingen Physics. In: Rupke, N. (Ed). Göttingen and the Development of the Natural Sciences. Göttingen : Wallstein, pp. 72-85.

7. Clark, W. (1997). German Physics Textbooks in the Goethezeit. History of Science. Vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 219-239; Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 295-363, https://doi.org/10.1177/007327539703500204; https://doi.org/10.1177/007327539703500302

8. Clark, W. (2006). Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago : The University of Chicago, 662 р. ISBN: 978-0226109220

9. Klark, U. (2017). Akademicheskaya kharizma i istoki issledovatel’skogo universiteta [Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University]. Transl. by M. Rudakov. Moscow : HSE Publ., 734 p., doi: 10.17323/978-5-7598-1219-7 (In Russ.).

10. Clark, W. (2000). On the Bureaucratic Plots of the Research Library. In: Frasca-Spada, M., Jardine, N. (Eds). Books and the Sciences in History. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 190-206.

11. Clark, W. (1989). On the Dialectical Origins of the Research Seminar. History of Science. Vol. 27, pp. 111-154, doi: 10.1177/007327538902700201

12. Clark, W. (1992). On the Ironic Specimen of the Doctor of Philosophy. Science in Context. Vol. 5, pp. 97-137, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700001101

13. Clark, W. (1996). On the Ministerial Archive of Academic Acts. Science in Context. Dec., pp. 421-486.

14. Clark. W. (1999). On the Table Manners of Academic Examination. In: Bödeker H.-E., Reill P., Schlumbohm J. (Eds.). Wissenschaft als kulturelle Praxis: 1750-1900. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 33-67. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-002A-9E17-0 (accessed 08.04.2022).

15. Clark, W. (2003). On the Professorial Voice. Science in Context. March, pp. 43-57, doi: 10.1017/S0269889703000693

16. Clark, W. (2003). The Pursuit of the Prosopography of Science. In: Porter, R. (Ed). The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 4. Eighteenth-Century Science. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 211-237. ISBN: 0 521 57243 6

17. Clark, W. (1992). The Scientific Revolution in the German Nations. In: Porter, R., Teich, M. (Eds). The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 90-114. ISBN: 978-052139510

18. Clark, W., Dehli, M. (Trans.) (2007). Die Politik der Ontologie. In: Hagner, M., Laublichler, M. (Eds). Der Hochsitz des Wissens: das Allgemeine als wissenschaftlicher Wert. Zürich : Diaphanes, pp. 97-127. ISBN: 978-3935300797

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20. Clark, W., Adrian, M. (Trans.) (2005). Einsteins Haar. In: Hagner, M. (Еd). Einstein on the Beach. Der Physiker als Phänomen. Frankfurt a.M. : Fischer Taschenbuch, pp. 15-39. ISBN: 978-3596165155

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