Lifelong Learning in the System of Higher Education: the State of the Problem and the Strategy of Integrating Educational Activities and Research

The authors of this article consider the current situation of lifelong learning education in leading Russian universities and define some possible strategies for integrating scientific research with educational activities. The empirical bases were: 1) statistical data on the activities of educational institutions of higher education (N = 1180), 2) dataset of monitoring the activities of universities participating in the federal academic leadership programme “Priority-2030”, 3) dataset of a survey of heads of centers for further vocational education in Russian universities (N = 450) as part of the Project “Monitoring of education markets and organizations (MEMO)”. The authors identified strategies for combining scientific and educational activities for lifelong learning programs at universities in the interests of the development of individual consumers, enterprises and branches of the national economy. The authors also found that universities take into account the social needs of society and the preferences of employers, but to a very small extent focus on transforming their scientific results into a new educational product for mass consumers. The significant focus of universities on research activities to a certain extent hinders the development and launch of new education programs, however, it is a group of research universities that demonstrates a higher cost of programs sold. The authors consider, how universities can be focused on working with the population or industry enterprises, integrating the research results into the modules of education programs, and stimulating an increase in the number of teachers combining research and teaching activities, at realizing the third University’s mission and taking into account the research grant volume.

1. Ouoba, Y. (2016). Natural Resources: Funds and Economic Performance Of Resource-Rich Countries. Resources Policy. Vol. 50, pp. 108-116, doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.09.003

2. de Viron, F., Davies, P. (2014). From University Lifelong Learning to Lifelong Learning Universities – Developing and Implementing Effective Strategy. In: J. Yang, C. Schneller, S. Roche (Eds.). The Role of Higher Education in Promoting Lifelong Learning (UNESCO Institute of Lifelong Learning (UIL), UIL Publication Series on Lifelong Learning Policies and Strategies. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/144417 (accessed: 15.09.2023).

3. Jõgi, L., Karu, K., Krabi, K. (2015). Rethinking Teaching and Teaching Practice at University in a Lifelong Learning Context. International Review of Education. Vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 61-77, doi: 10.1007/s11159-015-9467-z

4. de Viron, F., Davies, P. (2022). New Impulses for a Lifelong Learning University: Critical Thinking, Learning Time, and Space. In: Evans, K., Markowitsch, J., Lee, W.O., Zukas, M. (eds). Third International Handbook of Lifelong Learning. Springer, Cham. Pp. 1-20. Available at: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-67930-9_37-1#Abs1 (accessed: 15.09.2023).

5. Kasworm, C. (2011). The Influence of the Knowledge Society: Trends in Adult Higher Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education. Vol. 59, pp. 104-107, doi: 10.1080/07377363.2011.568830

6. Dollhausen, K. (2023). Die Rolle der Hochschulweiterbildung in regionalen Transformationsprozessen. Anmerkungen zu einem Forschungsdesiderat. Zeitschrift Hochschule und Weiterbildung. Vol. 1, pp. 10-17, doi: 10.25656/01:27556; 10.11576/zhwb-6558

7. Pinheiro, R., Langa, P., Pausits, A. (2015). The Institutionalization of Universities’ Third Mission: Introduction to the Special Issue. European Journal of Higher Education. Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1080/21568235.2015.1044551

8. Karpov, A.О. (2018). Is University 3.0 Feasible in Russia? Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya = Sociological Research. No. 9, pp. 59-70, doi: 10.31857/S013216250001959-7

9. Karpenko, A.Yu. (2017). On the Possible Classification of Modern Approaches to the Problem of Typology of the Mission of Universities. Nauchnaya misl Kavkaza = Scientific Thought of Caucasus. No. 4, pp. 6369, doi: 10.23683/2072-0181-2017-92-4-63-69 (In Russ., abstract in Eng.).

10. Golovko, N.V., Zinevich, O.V., Ruzankina, E.A. (2016). Third Generation University: B. Clark and J. Wissema. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = The Higher Education in Russia. No. 8-9 (204), pp. 40-47. Available at: https://vovr.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/838/759 (accessed: 20.09.2023). (In Russ., abstract in Eng.).

11. Golovko, N.V., Zinevich, O.V., Ruzankina, E.A. (2018). University’s Third Mission and Stakeholder Governance for Regional Development. Sravnitelnaia politika = Comparative Politics. Russia. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5-17, doi: 10.18611/2221-3279-2018-9-1-5-17 (In Russ., abstract in Eng.).

12. Kudryashova, E.V., Sorokin, S.E., Bugaenko, O.D. (2020). University-Industry Interaction as an Element of the University’s “Third Mission”. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia. Vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 9-21, doi: 10.31992/0869-3617-2020-29-5-9-2 (In Russ., abstract in Eng.).

13. Medushevskiy, N.А., Perfileva O.V. (2016). A Contemporary Interpretation of the Universities’ Third Role at Present. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. Zarubezhnoe regionovedenie. Vostokovedenie = RSUH/RGGU Bulletin Series: Political Science. History. International Relations. No. 3, pp. 19-31. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_28839581_72001016.pdf (accessed: 20.09.2023). (In Russ., abstract in Eng.).

14. Kohoutek, J., Pinheiro, R., Čábelková, I., Smidova M. (2017). The Role of Higher Education in the Socio- Economic Development of Peripheral Regions. High Educational Policy. Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 401–403, doi: 10.1057/s41307-017-0068-2

15. Colombo, M.G., Dagnino, G.B., Lehmann, E.E., Salmador, M.P. (2019). The Governance of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Small Business Economics. Vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 419-428, doi: 10.1007/s11187-017-9952-9

16. Etzkowitz, Н. (2011). The Triple Helix Model. Innovatsii = Innovations. No. 4, pp. 5-10. Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_17994351_90422341.pdf (accessed: 20.09.2023) (In Russ.).

17. Kazin, P.A., Kondratev, A.V. (2022). The Development of the Concept of an Entrepreneurial University in Russian Higher Educational Establishments: New Method of Evaluation. Universitetskoe upravlenie: praktika i analiz = University Management: Practice and Analysis. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 18–41, doi: 10.15826/umpa.2022.01.002

18. Etzkowitz, H., Ranga, M., Benner, M., Guaranys, L., Maculan, A. M., Kneller, R. (2008). Pathways to the Entrepreneurial University: Towards a Global Convergence. Science and Public Policy. Vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 681-695, doi: 10.3152/030234208X389701

19. Zaporozhets, O.N. (2011). University as a Corporation: Intellectual Cartography of Research Approaches: preprint WP6/2011/06. Moscow: Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics. 48 p. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/data/2012/02/07/1262502988/WP6_2011_06_fff.pdf (accessed 20.09.2023) (In Russ.).

20. James, P., Marginson, S., Considine, M. (2000). The Enterprise University: Power, Governance and Reinvention in Australia. Academe. Vol. 88, no. 71, doi: 10.2307/40252127

21. Philpott, K., Lawrence, D., O’Reilly, С., Lupton, G. (2011). The Entrepreneurial University: Examining the Underlying Academic Tensions. Technovation. Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 161-70, doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.003

22. Khegay, E.V., Babak, L.N., Filatkina, M.D., Filatkina, I.D. (2017). Knowledge Management at the Higher Education Institution as a Factor of Academic Entrepreneurship Development. Kreativnaya ekonomika = Creative Economy. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 45-60, doi: 10.18334/ce.11.1.37267

23. Kwiek, M. (2016). Publish or Perish? The Highly Productive Research Elite in European Universities from a Comparative Quantitative Perspective. International Higher Education. Vol. 7, pp. 12-13. Available at: https://herb.hse.ru/en/2016--1(7)/176606596.html (accessed 20.09.2023).

24. Addie, J.D. (2017). From the Urban University to Universities in Urban Society. Regional Studies. Vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1089-1099, doi: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1224334

25. Shattock, M. (2010). The Entrepreneurial University: An Idea for Its Time. London Review of Education. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 263-271, doi: 10.1080/14748460.2010.515125

26. Baycan, T, Gökçen, A.O. (2021). Linking the Performance of Entrepreneurial Universities to Technoparks and University Characteristics in Turkey. Region. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 97-117, doi: 10.18335/region.v8i1.300

27. Knudsen, M.P., Frederiksen, M.H., Goduscheit, R.C. (2021). New Forms of Engagement in Third Mission Activities: A Multi-Level University-Centric Approach. Innovation: Organization and Management. Vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 209-240, doi: 10.1080/14479338.2019.1670666

28. Ranga, M., Serdal, T., Ilker, M.А, Rustem, B., Fazilet, V.S. (2016). Building Technology Transfer Capacity in Turkish Universities: A critical analysis. European Journal of Education. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 90-106, doi: 10.1111/ejed.12164

29. Stefanelli, V., Vittorio, B., Pierluigi, Т. (2020). Does Knowledge Translation Drive Spin-Offs Away from the “Valley Of Death”? A Nonparametric Analysis to Support a Banking Perspective. Management Decision. Vol. 58, pp. 1985-2009, doi: 10.1108/MD-11-2019-1579

30. Barrena Martínez J., López Fernández M., Romero Fernández P.M. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution Through Institutional and Stakeholder Perspectives. European Journal of Management and Business Economics.Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 8-14, doi: 10.1016/j.redee.2015.11.002

31. Etzkowitz Н. (2010). The Triple Helix: Universities – Enterprises – the State: Innovations in Action. Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk State University of Management Systems and radio electronics, 237 p. ISBN 978- 5-86889-528-9.

32. Chatterton P., Goddard J. (2000). The Response of Higher Education Institutions to Regional Needs. European Journal of Education. Vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 475-496, doi: 10.1111/1467-3435.00041

33. Peer, V., Penker, M. (2014). Higher Education Institutions and Regional Development. A Metaanalysis. International Regional Science Review. Vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 228-253, doi: 10.1177/0160017614531145

34. Benneworth, P., Young, M., Normann, R. (2017). Between Rigour and Regional Relevance? Conceptualising Tensions in University Engagement for Socio-Economic Development. High Educational Policy. Vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 443-462, doi: 10.1057/s41307-017-0061-9

35. Carayannis E., Grigoroudis E. (2016). Quadruple Innovation Helix and Smart Specialization: Knowledge Production and National Competitiveness. Forsait = Foresight and STI Governance. Vol. 10, no 1, pp. 3142, doi: 10.17323/1995-459x.2016.1.31.42

36. Paredes-Frigolett, H. (2016). Modeling the Effect of Responsible Research and Innovation in Quadruple Helixinnovation Systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Vol. 110, pp. 126-133, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.001

37. Kichatinova, E.L., Oleynikov, I.V. (2019). The “Quadruple Helix” Concept and Innovative Development of the Regions. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Politologiya. Religiovedenie = The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies. Vol. 29, pp. 53-62, doi: 10.26516/2073-3380.2019.29.53

38. Pfeffer, J., Salancik, R.G. (1974). Organizational Decision Making as a Political Process: The Case of a University Budget. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 135-151, doi: 10.2307/2393885

39. Häyrinen-Alestalo, M., Peltola, U. (2006). The Problem of a Market-oriented University. Higher Education. Vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 251-281, doi: 10.1007/S10734-004-2749-1

40. Todorovic, J.M., Zelimir, W., Fan, J. (2022). The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation in Faculty Perceptions and Engagement Tendencies. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal. Vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1-9. Available at: https://www.abacademies.org/articles/The-role-of-entrepreneurial-orientationand-market%20-1528-2678-26-3-180.pdf (accessed: 20.09.2023).

41. Pretorius, S., Steyn, H., Bond-Barnard, T. (2023). Project Management Maturity and Project Management Success in Developing Countries. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering. Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 3648, doi: 10.7166/34-2-2760

42. Lipieta, A., Malawski, A. (2021). Eco-Mechanisms within Economic Evolution: Schumpeterian Approach. Economic Structures. Vol. 10, no. 4, doi: 10.1186/s40008-021-00234-8

43. O’Reilly, P., Cunningham, J.A. (2017). Enablers and Barriers to University Technology Transfer Engagements with Small-And Medium-Sized Enterprises: Perspectives of Principal Investigators. Small Enterprise Research. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 274-289, doi: 10.1080/13215906.2017.1396245

44. Cunningham, J.A., O’Reilly, P. (2018). Macro, Meso and Micro Perspectives of Technology Transfer. Technol Transfer. Vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 545-557, doi: 10.1007/s10961-018-9658-4

45. McAdam, M., Galbraith, B., McAdam, R., Humphreys, P. (2006). Business Processes and Networks in University Incubators: A Review and Research Agendas. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. Vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 451-472, doi: 10.1080/09537320601019578

46. Mowery, D.C., Nelson, R.R., Sampat, B.N., Ziedonis, A.A. (2001). The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by US Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh–Dole act of 1980. Research Policy. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 99-119, doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00100-6

47. Gilsing, V., Bekkers, R., Freitas, I.M.B., Van der Steen, M. (2021). Differences in Technology Transfer Between Science-Based and Development-Based Industries: Transfer Mechanisms and Barriers. Technovation. Vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 638-647, doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2011.06.009

48. Deci, E.L., Olafsen, A.H., Ryan, R.M. (2017). Self-Determination in Work Organizations: The State of a Science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Vol. 4, no.1, рр. 19-43, doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108

49. Karlsdottir, V, Torfason, M.T., Edvardsson, I.R, Heijstra, T.M. (2023). Assessing Academics’ Third Mission Engagement by Individual and Organisational Predictors. Administrative Sciences. Vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1-22, doi: 10.3390/admsci13010009

50. Bielby, W. T., Baron, J. N. (1986). Men and Women at Work: Sex Segregation and Statistical Discrimination. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 759-799, doi: 10.1086/228350

51. Polkowska, D. (2013). Women Scientists in the Leaking Pipeline: Barriers to the Commercialisation of Scientific Knowledge by Women. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation. Vol. 8, no.2, pp. 25-26, doi: 10.4067/S0718-27242013000200013

52. Rosa, P., Dawson, A. (2006). Gender and the Commercialization of university. Science: Academic Founders of Spinout Companies. Entrepreneurship Regional Development. Vol. 18, no.4, pp. 341-366, doi: 10.1080/08985620600680059

53. Goel, R.K., Göktepe-Hultén, D., Ram, R. (2015). Academics’ Entrepreneurship Propensities and Gender Differences. The Journal of Technology Transfer. Vol. 40, no.1, pp. 161-177, doi: 10.1007/s10961-014-9372-9

54. Carabias-Hütter, V., Hoppe, M. (2015). Issues Paper on Strategic Foresight for the Post-2015 Development Agenda, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.4243

55. Cajka, P., Cajkova, A., Krpalek, P. (2023). The Role of Universities as the Institutional Drivers of Innovation at the Regional Level. Terra Economicus. Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 94-107, doi: 10.18522/20736606-2023-21-1-94-107

56. Schimank, U., Whines, M. (2000). Beyond Humbolt? The Relationship Between Teaching and Research in Europe University System. Science and Public Policy. Vol. 27, no. 6, рр. 276-284, doi: 10.3152/147154300781781733

57. Kuznetsova, T.E. (2007). Integration of Education and Science in Russia: Search for Effective Forms and Mechanisms. Voprosy obrazovaniya = Educational Studies. Moscow. No. 1. pp. 118-133. Available at: https://vo.hse.ru/article/view/15006/14062 (accessed: 20.09.2023). (In Russ.).

58. Korshunov, I.A., Tyunin, A.M., Shirkova, N.N., Miroshnikov, M.S., Frolova, O.A. (2021). How Adults Learn: Factors Influencing the Choice of Educational Programs. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. No. 2, pp. 286-314, doi: 10.14515/monitoring.2021.2.1627

59. Pintrich, P.R., Smith, D.A.F., Garcia, T., McKeachie, W.J. (1991). A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED338122.pdf (accessed: 20.09.2023).

60. Pintrich, P.R., Smith, D.A.F., Garcia, T., Mckeachie, W.J. (1993). Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 801-813, doi: 10.1177/0013164493053003024

61. Justicia, F., Pichardo-Martínez, M., Cano F., Berbén A.B.G. (2008). The Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F): Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses at Item Level. European Journal of Psychology of Education. Vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 355-372, doi: 10.1007/BF03173004